In order to confirm that this concentration of BZC would not contribute to the bactericidal effect of GSE in this experiment, the bactericidal activity of a diluted commercially available BZC solution was also evaluated. This prevention manual states that the prevention of people and vehicles carrying the virus from entering the farm is crucial [ 18 ].
Furthermore, if HPAI occurs in the farm, not only vehicles and equipment, but humans in the farm should also be disinfected [ 19 ]. The recommended disinfectants against HPAIV are cationic disinfectants, chlorine-based disinfectants, and alkaline disinfectants. Among them, it is difficult to find one that can safely be applied for the disinfection of humans.
However, highly alkaline agents can easily damage human skin and mucous membrane [ 18 ], and therefore may not be suitable for humans. GSE is a natural product, and when diluted more than times, it becomes almost odorless and harmless against humans. Furthermore, GSE was assessed for its virucidal and bactericidal activities in its spray form. GSE, derived from Citrus paradisi Macf. Saitama, Japan. At 5 days post-inoculation dpi , cytopathic effect CPE was observed and hemagglutinin HA activity of the supernatant was checked using 0.
Plaques were counted at 6 dpi. The resulting supernatant was diluted in serial fold dilutions and inoculated into the respective sensitive cells or on DHL agar. The experiment was carried out in triplicate. Four hundred micro-liter of 0. Sprayer with two-fluid nozzle was kindly provided by Aelph Co. Tokyo, Japan. Diluted GSE was sprayed in the air at 1 cm and 30 cm distances using a sprayer Fig. Sprayed GSE was collected at each distance and its efficacy against viruses and bacteria was evaluated using the same method described for the aqueous phase.
Redistilled water was sprayed in the same condition as GSE, as positive control. After 3 min of contact time, non-woven cloth was transferred into a plastic bag stomacher bag: Organo Corp. The supernatant was diluted in serial fold dilutions and was inoculated on DHL agar for bacterial counting. The remaining bacteria cells were detached from the cloth as earlier described and counted on DHL agar. The RF was below 3 within the contact time indicating that 0.
Table 3 shows the effect of GSE solutions against viruses and bacteria in aqueous phase. At 0 sec when the stopping solution was added to the GSE solution before adding viruses or bacteria , the viral titer and the bacterial count were not reduced. A similar result was observed for EC Table 3. This result is consistent with that of the non-spray form of GSE shown in Table 3.
A similar result was observed for EC—bacteria titer was only reduced from 10 5. The non-spray method was evaluated because the spray method did not work for bacteria inoculated on cloth. In the present study, GSE was tested for its virucidal and bactericidal activity against avian pathogens.
Firstly, GSE used in this experiment was assayed for its contaminants, and 0. BZC is an analogue of konium, which is originally present in grape fruit seed Tokuda, Y.
However, in order to confirm that the BZC content would not contribute to the bactericidal effect of GSE, bactericidal activity of 0. As shown in Table 2 , this concentration of BZC did not show any bactericidal activity in the given contact time. Previous studies reported that GSE, void of any contaminant, can exhibit bactericidal activity [ 4 ], which is consistent with the findings of the current study.
IBDV is resistant to many disinfectants due to its non-enveloped structure [ 7 ]; however IBDV can be inactivated by alkaline disinfectant in a short period of time 5 sec to 3 min [ 20 , 33 ].
The high bactericidal activity of GSE is possibly mediated by its ability to destroy the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria [ 11 ]. In the present study, only gram negative bacteria were used, but gram negative bacteria show more resistance to GSE, compared to gram positive bacteria [ 3 ]. Therefore, GSE is expected to have similar bactericidal activity towards gram positive bacteria, but further study is necessary to validate this hypothesis.
The active ingredients of GSE against viruses and bacteria are still unknown; aglicons such as limonoids, flavonoid glycoside, naringen, quercetin, kaempferol, hesperigin, apigenin, and saturated or unsaturated fatty acids are possible components of GSE [ 5 , 22 , 35 , 39 ]. The pH of the diluted GSE was 3. GSE showed high virucidal and bactericidal effect against the pathogens within 5 sec.
A previous study showed that HOCl showed virucidal and bactericidal activity within 5 sec; however HOCl lost its efficacy when sprayed at a distance of 30 cm [ 8 , 9 ]. This suggested that HOCl should be sprayed at a distance less than 30 cm in order to maintain its virucidal and bactericidal activity. Thus, the efficacy of the spray form of GSE was evaluated. It is necessary that GSE is effective against pathogens on clothes for its suitable use in airports, seaports, farms and on humans.
The spray form of GSE was not effective against bacteria inoculated on non-woven cloth Table 5. GSE is an expensive disinfectant due to its manufacturing cost.
To reduce the cost implication of using GSE as a disinfectant, higher dilution of the extract is desirable. GSE has many advantages compared to other disinfectants. For example, alcohol-based disinfectants are volatile and flammable while GSE is not. Furthermore, unlike aldehyde, alkaline, and phenol based disinfectants, GSE is not harmful to skin or mucous membrane of humans and animals.
Other features of GSE include minimal odor, no corrosiveness, and no staining on clothes. Although GSE has many advantages, there are many things that need to be clarified. Further study is expected in this area. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. J Vet Med Sci. Published online Feb 4. Shahin ALAM. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Received Dec 20; Accepted Jan This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Keywords: avian influenza virus, enhancement of biosecurity, grapefruit seed extract, spraying method. Table 1. Open in a separate window. Calculation of reduction factor Reduction factor RF was calculated using the following equation. Evaluation of bactericidal efficacy of BZC in aqueous phase Four hundred micro-liter of 0. Evaluation of the spray method Sprayer with two-fluid nozzle was kindly provided by Aelph Co.
Spray method. GSE collected at 30 cm away from the spray nozzle using petri dish. Table 2. Bactericidal effect of 0. Virucidal and bactericidal effect of GSE in aqueous phase Table 3 shows the effect of GSE solutions against viruses and bacteria in aqueous phase. Table 3. Virucidal and bactericidal efficacies of GSE against viruses and bacteria in aqueous phase. Table 4. Virucidal and bactericidal efficacies of GSE in the sprayed method.
Table 5. Bactericidal effect of GSE in the sprayed method. Bactericidal effect of GSE non-spray form against bacteria inoculated on non-woven cloth The non-spray method was evaluated because the spray method did not work for bacteria inoculated on cloth. Table 6. Bactericidal effect of GSE in aqueous phase. Alphin R. Inactivation of avian influenza virus using four common chemicals and one detergent. Bernatoniene J. A combination of grapefruit seed extract and concentrated cranberry juice as a potential antimicrobial preservative for the improvement of microbiological stability of hypromellose gel.
Ceska Slov. Bevilacqua A. Bioactivity of grapefruit seed extract against Pseudomonas spp. After you cleanse your face, add two to three drops of GSE to your fingertips and massage your face in a circular motion for one minute. In a study published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology in , researchers discovered that the high amounts of flavonoids in grapefruit seed extract can help activate the gastric defense mechanism, which has been able to protect animals from laboratory-induced gastric injury.
Some of the animals were pretreated with GSE, while others were not. The animals were then induced with stress that led to gastric damage. The animals pretreated with GSE sustained significantly fewer gastric lesions than those not pretreated. Consuming grapefruit seed extract can also help heal stomach ulcers.
Dissolve one GSE capsule into juice or water and consume with food. Most UTIs are caused by E. One study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine in found that grapefruit seeds effectively killed antibiotic-resistant UTIs.
Patients were given five to six grapefruit seeds every eight hours for two weeks. Eczema is a skin condition that produces symptoms like redness, inflammation, scaling, dryness, itchiness, and blisters. This skin problem is often caused by food allergies or sensitivities and poor digestion overall. In one study published in the Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine in , researchers examined the effectiveness of grapefruit seed extract on atopic eczema patients who also had intestinal dysbiosis—also called microbial imbalance of the digestive tract.
All patients had bleeding lesions over their limbs, trunk, and face, while some of them also had intermittent diarrhea, gas, constipation, abdominal discomfort, and bloating. The participants were given either mg of encapsulated grapefruit seed extract three times daily or two drops of 0.
After a month, those taking the GSE capsules had experienced significant improvements in gas, constipation, and abdominal discomfort symptoms. Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas—a small organ near the upper abdomen, in front of the spine and behind the stomach. Acute pancreatitis comes on suddenly and may last just a few days. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is thought to be incurable, and symptoms are often worsened by drinking alcohol or consuming a large, high-fat meal.
Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium naturally found in the mouth of humans; however, it is also the top cause of tooth decay. Grapefruit seed extract may help inhibit the growth and acid production of this strain of strep.
What are other grapefruit seed extract benefits? The following are some additional grapefruit seed extract benefits and uses to keep in mind.
Consume GSE between meals; if the extract irritates your stomach, then consume with your meals. Try incorporating GSE into your diet for approximately one month.
I recommend speaking with your doctor first before introducing any new supplements into your diet. Your doctor can also help you figure out what the correct dosage would be for your body.
Although there are many benefits, there are also grapefruit seed extract side effects to consider. For instance, never put grapefruit seed extract into your eyes, and avoid using GSE at full strength in your ears, nose, mouth, or other sensitive areas of the body. See a doctor immediately if you notice any signs of a severe allergic reaction after using grapefruit seed extract. Allergic reaction symptoms include tingling or swelling in your throat or mouth, trouble breathing, chest tightness, rash, hives, or swelling in your hands or face.
Some commercial GSE products contain benzethonium chloride and preservatives like methylparaben and triclosan. These may affect the effectiveness of GSE and cause allergic reactions. It is also a good idea to consult your doctor before using GSE if you are breastfeeding, pregnant, or plan to become pregnant while using GSE.
Moreover, be sure to tell your doctor before taking GSE if you are allergic to any medicine, are currently taking medications such as blood thinners or medicines used after an organ transplant, or have any other health issue like hypertension or a blood vessel or heart problem. Grapefruit seed extract side effects are not common when taken as directed.
That being said, other possible adverse effects include a swollen or painful tongue; vomiting; nausea; and burns of the throat, mouth, or stomach. Stop using GSE if you experience any negative effects.
Where can you find grapefruit seed extract? It is available as a supplement in tablet, capsule, or liquid concentrate form, and can be purchased online or at a health food store. Always avoid grapefruit seed extract brands with synthetic chemicals like triclosan, methylparaben, or benzethonium. Look for GSE formulas with only grapefruit seed extract and vegetable glycerin. What is the best dosage of grapefruit seed extract? Follow the instructions on the GSE label or consult your health care provider about the proper dosage.
In general, the recommended dosage for grapefruit seed liquid extract is 10 to 12 drops. Take it in at least five ounces of filtered water one to three times daily. For tablets and capsules with dried GSE, the general recommendation is mg to mg one to three times per day. The dosage will depend on why you are taking GSE and the strength of the supplement.
Grapefruit seed extract can reduce the amount of good bacteria in the gut when taken for long periods of time. Also, when storing GSE, make sure it is kept away from direct light and heat, or it may negatively affect the supplement. Grapefruit seed extract is a popular supplement derived from the seeds and pulp of grapefruit.
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